Exploring the Stress-Strain Relationship of Lightweight Concrete to Enhance the Lifecycle Performance of Transportation Highways and Bridges

Concrete is the primary construction material of bridges, roads, and other transportation infrastructure across the United States, but conventional normal-weight concrete (NWC) is heavy, prone to cracking, and expensive to maintain over time. This study examines the mechanical properties, durability, and lifecycle performance of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWC) and internally cured concrete (ICC) as alternatives in transportation infrastructure applications. Through laboratory testing, computer modeling, and lifecycle analysis, the research evaluates how these materials perform in terms of strength, flexibility, durability, cost, and environmental impact. The results show that LWC and ICC can meet required strength levels while being lighter and more flexible, which helps reduce cracking and long-term damage. These materials also improve internal moisture conditions, slowing deterioration caused by shrinkage and exposure to harsh environments such as deicing salts. The study finds that lightweight concrete can last nearly five times longer than conventional concrete in some applications, while significantly lowering maintenance needs. Over a structure’s full lifespan, this can mean up to 85% lower lifecycle costs and up to 76% fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Current design codes often underestimate LWC performance, however, and therefore, revised empirical models are recommended. Overall, results confirm that LWC and ICC provide a structurally efficient, economically viable, and environmentally responsible solution for modern transportation infrastructure.