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The threat of another major
terrorist attack in the United States remains high, with the greatest danger
coming from local extremists inspired by events in the Middle East. Although
the United States removed the Taliban government and destroyed al Qaeda’s
training camps in Afghanistan, events in Europe and elsewhere have shown
that the terrorist network leadership remains determined to carry out
further attacks and is capable of doing so.
Therefore, the United States
must systematically conduct research on terrorist strikes against
transportation targets to distill lessons learned and determine the best
practices for deterrence, response, and recovery. Those best practices must
be taught to transportation and security professionals to provide
secure surface transportation for the nation.
Studying recent incidents in
Europe and Asia, along with other research, will help leaders in the United
States learn valuable lessons—from preventing attacks, to response and
recovery, to addressing the psychological impacts of attacks to business
continuity. Timely distillations of the lessons learned and best practices
developed in other countries, once distributed to law enforcement, first
responders, and rail- and subway-operating transit agencies, could result in
the saving of American lives.
This monograph focuses on the
terrorist risks confronting public transportation in the United States—especially
urban mass transit—and explores how different forms of passenger
screening, and in particular, selective screening, can best be implemented
to reduce those risks.
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BRIAN MICHAEL JENKINS
Brian Michael Jenkins is one of the world’s foremost authorities on terrorism and
sophisticated crime. From 1989 to 1998, Mr. Jenkins was the Deputy Chairman of Kroll
Associates, an international investigative and consulting firm. Before that, he was
chairman of RAND’s political science department, where from 1972 to 1989, he also
directed RAND’s research on political violence. He is currently a senior advisor to the
president of RAND.
Mr. Jenkins has a bachelor of arts degree in fine arts and a master’s degree in history, both
from UCLA. He studied at the University of Guanajuato in Mexico and in the Department
of Humanities at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala, where he was a Fulbright
Fellow and recipient of a second fellowship from the Organization of American States.
Commissioned in the infantry at the age of 19, Mr. Jenkins became a paratrooper and
ultimately, a captain in the Green Berets. He is a decorated combat veteran, having served
in the Seventh Special Forces Group in the Dominican Republic during the American
intervention and later as a member of the Fifth Special Forces Group in Vietnam (1966–1967). He returned to Vietnam on a special assignment in 1968 to serve as a civilian
member of the Long Range Planning Task Group; he remained with the group until the
end of 1969, receiving the Department of the Army’s highest award for his service. Mr.
Jenkins returned to Vietnam in 1971 on a special assignment.
Mr. Jenkins is the author of International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict, the editor and
coauthor of Terrorism and Personal Protection, co-editor and co-author of Aviation Terrorism
and Security, and co-author of The Fall of South Vietnam. He is also the author of numerous
articles, book chapters, and published research reports on conflict and crime.
In 1996, President Bill Clinton appointed Mr. Jenkins to be a member of the White House
Commission on Aviation Safety and Security. From 1999 to 2000, he served as an advisor
to the National Commission on Terrorism and in 2000 was appointed to be a member of
the U.S. Comptroller General’s International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and a member
of the board of directors of the ICC’s Commercial Crime Services. Mr. Jenkins was also a
member of the Transportation Research Board/National Research Council Panel on
Transportation: Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism in 2002.
Mr. Jenkins has led the Mineta Transportation Institute’s counterterrorism research team
since 1997, producing three volumes of case studies of major terrorist attacks on surface
transportation.
BRUCE R. BUTTERWORTH
Bruce Butterworth has had a distinguished government career in the Congress and the
Executive Branch. Between 1975 and 1980, as a professional staff member for the House
Government Operations Committee, he ran investigations and hearings on many transportation safety issues, particularly in aviation. He spent 11 years in the Department
of Transportation, eight of them in the Office of the Secretary of Transportation. He
managed negotiations on the inclusion of air and maritime services in the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT—now the World Trade Organization[WTO]),
chaired U.S. delegations to United Nations Committees, dealt with transport and aviation
issues related to border inspections, and was part of the response to the attack on Pan Am
103.
Mr. Butterworth has held two executive posts in aviation security. As Director of Policy
and Planning (l991–1995), he established strategic, long-term, and contingency plans and
federal rules. As Director of Operations (1995–2000), he was responsible for federal air
marshals, hijacking response, and 900 field agents; he worked hard to improve security
and the performance of security measures by U.S. airports here and by U.S. airlines
worldwide. He ran the FAA’s aviation command center, successfully managing the
resolution of hijackings and security emergencies. He launched a successful program of
dangerous-goods regulation and cargo security after the 1995 ValuJet crash, oversaw the
conversion of the air marshal program to a full-time program with high standards, was a
key player in the response to the ValuJet and TWA 800 accidents, and was a frequent
media spokesperson. He worked closely with the Congress, the National Security Council
staff, the intelligence community, law enforcement agencies, and authorities of other
nations.
Between September 2001 and January 2003, he was an associate director at the United
States Holocaust Memorial Museum and was responsible for security there.
Mr. Butterworth received a master of science degree from the London School of Economics
in 1974 and a bachelor of arts degree from the University of the Pacific in 1972 (Magna
cum Laude). He was a California State Scholar and a Rotary Foundation Fellow. He has
received numerous special achievement and performance awards.
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